CTET PYQs (2022 to 2011)get PPT here
Both paper 1&2
PAPER - 1
2022
Middle childhood refers to the period from 6 – 11 years
A five year old child can initiate goal directed behavior and engage in symbolic play.
Family is responsible for primary socialization of children.
In Piagetion theory, the process in which a child transforms and modifies her schema to make sense of new experience is called – Accomodation.
Afsa holds up a potato chip and says ‘butterfly’. According to Piaget, this kind of symbolic thought is a characteristic of – pre-operational stage.
Lev Vygotsky considers – culture & language factors to be important in influencing the cognitive development of children.
Lev Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory emphsizes teaching-learning through – peer interaction and scaffolding.
The reasoning that underlies the stage of ‘social contract orientation in Lowrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is that – laws and rules are flexible instruments for furthering human purposes.
In Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, individuals high on logico-mathematical can engage in abstract reasoning easily and can manipulate symbols to solve problems.
Most classrooms in India are multi-lingual and this needs to be seen as a resource by the teacher.
In the context of assessment NEP 2020 proposes – testing of higher order skills such as analysis and crtical thinking.
In order to effectively address individual differences in her class, a teacher should – recognize that differences are not deficits.
Students having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHAD) can be identified by challenges they face in – continuing on a given task for long.
Successful inclusion of students with learning difficulties in reading requires – reasonable exemptions from language subjects.
Learning is effective when – students are given opportunities to set their own learning goals.
Constructivist approach of teaching-learning – looks at – learning as a process of meaning making.
NEP 2020 proposes a shift towards – learning to learn.
Application analysis and synthesis are examples of – higher order thinking skills.
Approach oriented mastery goals should be promoted by a teacher.
Teachers should ask questions that facilitates students to establish relationships between that they are expected to learn and what they already know.
For effective learning to take place, what should be the starting point for instruction – children’s socio-cultural context.
Scalene triangle and parallelogram does not have any line of symmetry.
Nature of Mathematics:
It is hierarchical in nature
Mathematical concepts are abstract in nature
It reveals the hidden pattern
Example of mathematical modeling:
Constructing a mathematical model for estimation of number of trees in a dense forest.
On seeing a Samosa a child calls it as a triangle. According to Hieles theory of geometrical development the child is at Visualisation level of geometric reasoning.
The principle of independence of systems suggests that different body systems grows as different rates.
When a young child sees a camel for the first time she calls it ‘lumpy horse’. In Piagetian theory this is an example of – Assimilation.
In Lev Vygotsky’s theory, physical items such as calculator, computer as well as intellectual frameworks such as language are called – cultural tool.
In a classroom based on principles of Piaget, what should be the characteristics of the teacher: 1. Mobility 2. Flexibility
Howard Gardner argued that several distinct types of intelligent exist.
Teacher should use questions in the class to create cognitive conflict to facilitate learning.
Cerebral palsy affects an individual’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture.
In order to include students with specific learning disability, a teacher should avoid – setting rigid timelines of task submission.
A child’s development progress can be accurately measured by comparing her rate of development with the other children of same age. (FALSE)
A child learns to hop and jump before learning to play football. Which principal of development does this illustrate? - Cephalocaudal
For children who are in concrete operational stage teachers should – provide opportunities to classify objects and ideas on increasingly complex levels.
a/c to Jean Piaget at pre-operational stage of cognitive development the child understand that symbols can be used to represent objects – for ex. ‘bicycle’ will generate an image even when absent.
Aanav struggles with addition of three-digit numbers on his own but is able to do so with support from teacher.
In Lev Vygotsky’s theory, this highlights – zone of proximal development.
a/c to Lev Vygotsky learning is an active process of constructing knowledge.
Aashna does good bcz she would like to be seen as good by other people.
She is at conventional stage of moral development a/c to Lawrence Kohlberg
In progressive education learning has social character.
NEP 2020, emphasizes on flexible multi-level activity based learning.
Language plays an important role in Vygotskian constructivism.
Tools a teacher should use to assess children’s learning
Classroom interaction
Projects
Portfolios
Self-assessment
The purpose of assessment as per the NEP 2020 is to provide information
on the gaps and deficiencies in student learning to accurately identify her failure.
Dysgraphia = the learning disability directly affects the ability to write coherently.
Need for precision in thinking is a characteristic of a student with giftedness.
To facilitate student’s learning of a concept a teacher should avoid making connections between new information and previous knowledge.
While conceptualizing teaching-learning process NCF 2005, emphasizes upon the importance of active engagement and interactions.
To scaffold students in solving a problem, a teacher should give clues that activities are relevant schemas.
Learned helplessness occurs when a student believes that – the outcomes of academic activities are uncontrollable.
The social expectations at each stage of development is referred to as : Developmental tasks.
cognitive development progress quite rapidly till middle childhood and then comes to a stop. (FALSE)
a/c to Jean Piaget, an ongoing process which refines and transforms mental structures is called – equilibration.
Lev Vygotsky asserted that cognitive development is a collaborative process.
One of the chief criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is that – his theory undermines the feminine perspective.
Kinds of intelligence as per Howard Gardner:
Linguistic, Spatial, Musical, Logical/mathematical, Naturalist, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.
Dynamic assessment helps to understand – the specific learning needs of a child.
To ensure meaningful learning, it is essential to connect new materials with something the child already knows. (TRUE)
PREJUDICE = judging other people negatively
Discrimination = treating someone less fairly than others
‘gendering’ the curriculum is limited to increasing the number of reference to individual women.
For ‘gendering’ the curriculum it’s crucial to make the perspectives of women integral to the discussion.
The nature of assessment required to be developed to recruit employees for a school is – assessment of learning.
Dyslexia
s/he is unable to:
Comprehend text gestures
To make contractions
Read at expected rate of speed
Analyse the surface and deep meaning
2021
Problem solving abilities can be facilitated by – focusing on drill and practice
Divergent thinking is the primary identifying feature of creativity.
Shame can have negative impact on cognition.
Best state of learning is – moderate arousal, no fear.
Conceptual understanding among students is likely to improve in the settings which emphasize on – inquiry and dialogue.
Individual differences in development of children can be attributed to – interplay of heredity and environment.
During a task, talking to oneself (private speech) is a sign of self-regulation.
a/c Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, performing an act and doing something because others approves it- represents conventional stage of morality.
Pre-operational stage in Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development characterises – centration in thought.
Lev Vygotsky’s socio-cultural perspective of learning emphasizes importance of cultural tools in the learning process.
In his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget explains cognitive structures in terms of schemas.
Sequence of development among children from birth to adolescence is – sensory, concrete, abstract.
2019 paper 1
The most critical period of acquisition and development of language is Early childhood.
Discussion about gender bias is an effective strategy to reduce children’s gender stereotyping and gender-role conformity.
There are 4 steps to overcoming gender bias :
awareness - analysis
Attitude - systemic change
Lev Vygotsky, while viewing children as active seekers of knowledge emphasized the influence of social and cultural contents on their thinking.
Conservation = class inclusion behaviors characterize the concrete operational stage as proposed by Jean Piaget.
In an active classroom, a teacher should actively prepare Individualized Education plans.
The primary characteristics of children with ‘dyslexia’ includes:
Inability to read fluently
It affects areas of the brain that process language
The concept of ‘Inclusive Education’ as advocated in the Right to Education Act, 2009 is based on
A rights based humanistic perspective
In the constructivist framework, learning is primarily focused on the process of meaning making.
‘naïve theories’ that children construct various phenomena – should be challenged by presenting counter evidence and examples.
Emotions and cognition are inter-woven with each other.
Presenting students with clear examples and non-examples is an effective way to encourage conceptual change.
A primary school teacher can encourage children to become effective problem solvers by – encouraging children to make intuitive guesses and then brainstorming on the same.
During infancy and early childhood physical growth and development occur at a rapid pace.
The primary cause of individual variations is the complex interplay between the heredity and the environment.
2018 (paper-1)
One of the critiques of standardized tests has been that
They do not give a clear picture of a child’s ability
Giftedness in children can be attributed to an interplay between heredity and environment.
The intervention needed for creative and talented children in the classroom rests on
Use of customized and stimulating instructional methods by the teacher.
Ways in which a teacher model problem solving for children in the classroom
1. be honest about making mistakes while solving something
2. use vocabulary like think, ideas, trial and different answers.
3. ask questions with divergent answers
4. discuss your thought processes about solving a particular problem.
Fear is an emotion.
A 3yr old child explains that milk is produced by a machine at the milk booth.
The child’s answer is based on his/her experience of buying milk from the milk booth.
The NCF 2005 derives its understanding from
Constructivism.
An androgynous personality has a balance of what are generally considered masculine and feminine traits.
The discipline helps children to regulate and monitor their own learning.
Following statement can’t be attributed to Piaget
Learning takes place through constant practice
Irreversibility is not a limitation of the preoperational thought.
Question that invites children to think critically
What are the different ways in which
Learning by doing, project method, cooperative method describes progressive education.
Kohlberg’s theory has supported an association between cognitive maturity and moral maturity.
The zone of proximal development refers to a context in which children can almost perform a task on their own with the right level of support.
2016 paper 1
As a teacher who firmly believes in social constructivist theory of Lev Vygotsky,
one would prefer collaborative projects for assessing students.
To cater to individual differences in his classroom, a teacher should engage in a dialogue with students and value their perspectives.
Assessment is purposeful if it serves as a feedback for the students as well as the teachers.
a/c to NCF 2005, the role of a teacher has to be facilitative.
Research suggests that in a diverse classroom, a teacher’s expectations from her students, have a significant impact on learning.
Inclusion of children with special needs requires a change in attitude, content and approach to teaching.
A gifted learner can feel underestimated and bored if the class activities are not challenging enough.
Most effective method to encourage conceptual development in students
Give students multiple examples and encourage them to use reasoning
Primary school children will learn most effectively in an atmosphere where their emotional needs are met and they feel they are valued.
In an elementary classroom, an effective teacher should aim at the students to be motivated to learn so that they become curious and love learning for its own sake.
Individualized learning is an example of effective school practice.
The Cephalocaudal principle of development explains how development proceeds from head to toe.
a/c to Lev Vygotsky, the primary cause of cognitive development is Social Interaction.
Gender is a social construct.
a/c to Jean Piaget, following is necessary for learning
Active exploration of the environment by the learner
Reinforcement by teachers and parents = Skinner
Social interaction = Vygotsky
Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligence (MI) suggests that
Teachers should use Mi as a framework for devising alternative ways to teach the subject matter.
A 5yr old girl talks to herself while trying to fold a T-shirt
Jean Piaget would explain this as egocentric speech, while
Lev Vygotsky would explain this as the child’s attempt to regulate her actions through private speech
2016 – Feb.
Children are most creative when they participate in an activity out of interest.
Mistakes and errors made by students should be seen as opportunities to understand their thinking.
Piaget views children as active builders of knowledge and little scientists who construct their own theories of the world.
When students are given an opportunity to discuss a problem in groups, their learning curve becomes better.
Concrete operational stage = is able to conserve and classify
A child says, “clothes dry faster in the sun”. She is showing an understanding of – cause & effect.
a/c to Piaget, children’s thinking differs in kind from adults than in amount.
Scaffolding = giving prompts and cues and asking questions at critical junctures.
a/c to Vygotsky, children learn by interacting with adults and peers.
Intelligence is a set of capabilities.
Assessment is a way to improve learning.
Inclusion = It is the philosophy that all children have a right to get equal education in a regular school system.
Writing ‘b’ as ‘d’; ‘was’ as ‘saw’; 21 as 12 – is an identifier of a child with learning disability.
Learning is influenced by a learner’s emotions.
2015 - sept
a/c to the pre-conventional level of Kohlberg’s theory,
children consider potential punishment involved when making a moral decision.
Regarding learner’s individual differences, the teacher should provide a variety of learning situations.
Assessment is an inbuilt process in teaching learning.
Divergent thinking is related to creativity.
Vygotsky says – children learn through social interaction with peers and adults.
Children are curious beings who use their own logic and abilities to explore the world around them.
Children’s errors are part of the learning process.
What is meant by nature in ‘nature-nurture’ controversy?
Biological givens or the hereditary information.
Development proceeds from general to specific.
To motivate her students, a primary school teacher adopt the following strategy
Help children set goals as per their interests and support them in working towards the same.
A child with normal intelligence shows difficulty in reading and comprehend language.
It indicates that the child is showing symptoms of – Dyslexia.
The period of infancy is from birth to 2 yrs.
a/c to Piaget, a child between 2 to 7 yrs is in the pre-operational stage of cognitive development.
The process of changing the existing schemas to include new information is called – Accommodation.
In middle childhood, speech is more socialised than egocentric.
Inclusive education assumes that we should change the system to fit the child.
2015 feb
To be an effective teacher it is important to be in touch with each and every child.
Compliance is the act or process of doing what you have been asked or ordered to do so
it should be avoided to create a good classroom environment.
A child’s note book shows errors in writing like reverse images, mirror imaging, etc. such a child is showing signs of – learning disability.
Giftedness from teacher’s point of view is a combination of: high ability – high creativity – high commitment.
Parents & siblings provides information about the roles and behaviors which are acceptable in a group, during early childhood period.
Later childhood = 6 to 11 yrs
Making students members of a cleanliness community to motivate them for the same, reflects – socio-cultural conceptions of motivation.
In Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory, level I signifies the absence of morality in the true sense.
In learning assessment is essential for motivation.
Fitting new information into existing schemas is known as Assimilation.
a/c to Piaget social experiences will not influence one’s cognitive development.
But the language, maturation and activity does.
2014 sept
Cognitive development is supported by providing a rich and varied environment.
The nature-nurture debate refers to genetics and environment.
In Vygotsky’s theory, Biological aspect of development gets neglected.
When infants “THINK” with their eyes, ears and hands the stage is called – sensory motor stage.
Ria doesn’t agree with Rishabh about setting up a class picnic. She thinks that the rules can be revised to suit the majority.
This kind of peer disagreement, a/c to Piaget refers to = morality of cooperation.
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence is proposed by ‘Robert Sternberg’
His theory advocates 3 aspects of intelligence: practical, creative & analytical.
His theory comprised of 3 sub-categories:
Contextual (practical)
Experimental (creative)
Componential (analytical)
Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
Phonological awareness refers to the ability to reflect and manipulate the sound structure.
A teacher collects and reads the work of the class, then plans and adjusts the next lesson to meet student needs.
He is doing – assessment for learning.
Teachers who work under school based assessment feel a sense of ownership for the system.
‘How do grades differ from marks?’ this is an anlytical question.
Difficulty in recalling sequence of letters in words and frequent loss of visual memory is associated with - Dyslexia.
Fluency, observation, originality and flexibility are the factors associated with – giftedness.
Gifted students may be asked to spend more time on questions dealing with creating.
Learning disabilities in Mathematics can be assessed most appropriately by Diagonistic Test.
Concept map are most likely to increase understanding of new concepts by increasing ability to organize information logically.
a/c to the theory of social learning of Albert Bandura, an unresolved crisis can harm a child.
Deductive reasoning involves reasoning from general to particular.
Thorndike was the exponent of trial and error theory
Bond theory is the another name
His idea:- When children learn a concept and use it, practice helps in reducing the errors committed by them.
The inner force that stimulates and compels a behavioral response and provides specific direction to that response is – Motive.
Need is often used interchangeably with the term motivation.
Affective motives deal with the need to reach satisfying feeling states and to obtain personal goals.
Meaningful association is a factor that affects learning positively.
2014 Feb
Reciprocal teaching is based on Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory.
14 yrs old Devika is attempting to develop a sense of herself as a separate, self-governing individual. She is developing – autonomy.
In context of progressive education, John Dewey said = students should be able to solve social problems themselves.
A disorder related to language comprehension is Aphasia.
it is a deficiency that affects the ability to write coherently.
Theory of multiple intelligences can not be legitimized as it – is not possible to measure different intelligences as there are no specific tests.
School based assessment was introduced to – ensure the holistic development of all.
The individual differences of students in a classroom are – advantageous as they lead teacher to explore a wider pool of cognitive structures.
The most effective way to convey students from disadvantaged sections that you expect them to participate and succeed:
Articulate your confidence in their ability to succeed.
Examples of developmental disorders:
autism,
Celebral palsy
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Multiple pedagogical techniques, assorted learning material, multiple assessment techniques and varying the complexity and nature of the content are associated with
Differentiated instruction
Gifted learners may achieve lower grades due to their heightened sensitivity.
Inclusion in schools primarily focuses on – making subtle provisions for special category children.
The cause of learned helplessness in children is their – acquired behavior that they will not succeed.
If a student is consistently getting lower grades in schools, her parents can be advised to help her by – working in close association with teachers.
‘Insight’ enhances problem solving
Mental set, Entrenchment and Fixation deter problem solving.
Deter = prevent the occurrence of…
Developmental error is common between a learner who is learning his mother tongue and the learner who learns the same as a second language.
The stress affects performance in examinations. This fact reflects cognition-emotion relationship.
A teacher is trying to counsel a child who is not performing well after an accident.
Counseling in schools builds self-confidence of people by letting them explore their own thoughts.
Maslow’s theory suggests that students study hard for their personal growth and development.
It means that, they need self-determination from the humanistic perspective.
A child is coming to pre-school for the 1st time cries profusely.
After 2yrs when the same child goes to the primary school for the first time, he does not express his tension by crying rather his shoulder and neck muscles become tense.
This change in behavior can be explained on the basis of the principle that
Development is characterized by differentiation and integration.
Development is a product of maturity and learning.
Genetic makeup impacts responsiveness of an individual to qualities of the environment.
2013 Jul
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences emphasizes – the unique abilities of each children.
The sounds ph, th, ch are phonemes.
Schools should cater to individual differences to – understand why students are able or unable to learn.
School based assessment helps all students learn more through diagnosis.
‘readiness for learning’ refers to “present cognitive level of students in the learning continuum.”
Gifted students need support not ordinarily provided by the school.
Learning disabilities may occur due to
Cerebral dysfunction
Emotional disturbance
Behavioral disturbance
Allowing students to take some decisions about what to learn and how to learn is appropriate for environment conducive to thinking and learning in children.
Learning disability in motor skills is called – Dyspraxia.
Learning disability is a variable state.
Breaking down the problem into smaller parts isn’t a step in the process of problem solving.
A teacher should not correct students while they are trying to communicate ideas.
Socialization is adaptation of social norms.
Children in pre-primary get satisfaction being allowed to discover. They become distressed, when they are discouraged. They do so due to the motivation to reduce their ignorance.
A PT teacher wants her students to improve fielding in the game of cricket.
Following strategy will best help her students achieve the goal:
Given students a lot of practice in fielding
Acc to Vygotsky’s persective, her students will internalize various views and develop multiple perspectives of the situation on their own.
Sita has learned to eat rice and dal with her hand.
When she is given dal and rice, she mixes dal and rice and start eating.
She has assimilated eating rice and dal into her schema for doing things.
2012 Nov
A child of 16 years scores 75 in an IQ test; his mental age will be 12 years.
Smallest unit of meaning in language is – morpheme.
IQ scores are generally highly correlated with academic performance.
Gifted students are independent in their judgments.
The up-scaling of performance in the scholastic areas on the basis of performance in co-scholastic areas can be justified as – it caters to individual differences.
Learning disabilities are generally found in especially those children whose parental relatives have such problems.
The correct sequence of steps in the Information Processing Model of thinking:
Pre-processing
Categorization
Response selection
Response execution
An empowering school will promote the quality of competitive aptitude the most in teachers.
Adolescents may experience anxiety and concern about themselves.
Orthopedically impaired children are likely to have – dysgraphia.
Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement.
Vygotsky’s theory implies collaborative problem solving.
Assessment for learning takes into account the following:
Mistakes of students
Learning styles
Strengths of students
Socio-economic level does not affect the IQ score.
Writing is an example of fine motor skill.
Following characteristic is the hallmark of the problem solving approach.
There is an implicit hint given in the problem statement.
If a teacher isn’t able to correct all errors in the classroom it indicates that the system of teacher education has failed.
In order to instill a positive environment in a primary class, a teacher should not discriminate & set the same goal for every child.
“My family” would be the best first theme to start within a nursery class.
Learners who demonstrate an earnest desire for increased knowledge and academic competence are said to have a performance-approach orientation.
2012 Jan
A teacher after preparing a question paper, checks whether the questions that specify testing objectives.
He is concerned primarily about the question papers – “content coverage”.
Critical pedagogy firmly believes that the experiences and perceptions of learners are important.
Vygotsky emphasized the influences of cultural and social contexts in learning.
A teacher makes use of a variety of tasks to cater to the different learning styles of her learners.
She is influenced by Gardenr’s multiple intelligence theory.
A teacher never gives answers to questions herself.
She encourages her students to suggest answers, have group discussions and adopt collaborative learning.
This approach is based on the principle of active participation.
When a child fails, it means the system has failed.
Flexible time-table and seating is a feature of progressive education.
Acc to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, the sensory motor stage is associated with
Imitation, memory and mental representation.
Acc to Kohlberg, a teacher can instill moral values in children by involving them in discussion on moral issues.
When a child with a disability first comes to school, the teacher should – discuss with the child’s parents to evolve collaborative plans.
Errors of learners often indicate the need for mechanical drill.
Problem awareness is the first step in the scientific method of problem-solving.
Human personality is the result of interaction between heredity and environment.
When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
Human development is divided into 3 broad domains:
Physical and motor development
Cognitive development
Socio-emotional development
A child starts to cry when his grandma takes him from his mother’s lap.
The child cries due to separation anxiety.
PAPER - 2
2022
The principle of independence of systems suggests that different body systems grows at different rates.
When a young child sees a camel for the first time she calls it ‘lumpy horse’. In Piagetian theory this is an example of – Assimilation.
In Lev Vygotsky’s theory, physical items such as calculator, computer as well as intellectual frameworks such as language are called – cultural tools.
Teachers should use questions in the class to create cognitive conflict to facilitate learning.
Cerebral palsy affects an individual’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture.
Knowledge that individual have their own thinking and how they themselves learn is called – metacognition.
Following factors are responsible for children’s failure in schools:
Fear and anxiety
Boredom and confusion
Irrelevant curriculum
Decontextualized pedagogy
The social expectations of each stage of development is referred to as - developmental tasks.
Development proceeds from centre of the body in an outward direction.
Acc to Jean Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development, in concrete operational stage children gain the ability to seriate objects in a specified order.
Acc to Jean Piaget, an ongoing process which refines and transforms mental structures is called – Equilibration.
Lev Vygotsky asserted that cognitive development is a collaborative process.
One of the chief criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is that – his theory undermines the feminine perspective.
Multiple interpretations illustrates a constructivist learning approach in a progressive classroom.
Kinds of intelligence as proposed by Howard Ggardner:
Naturalist - spatial - linguistic
Intra-personal - inter-personal -musical
Logico-mathematical -bodily-kinesthetic
Dynamic assessment helps to understand the specific learning needs of a child.
Socio-construcitivist approach to learning emphasizes on importance of – cultural context.
2021
Development proceeds in the direction of the longitudinal axis. This principle of development is called principle of – Cephalocaudal.
Contemporary theorists consider ‘childhood’ as a social construction.
Progressive educations respects diversity.
School and media are secondary agencies of socialization.
Acc to Jean Piaget, at formal operational stage child develops hypothetically deductive reasoning; and scientific thinking begins to emerge.
Acc to him, 4 factors influence development: maturity, activity, social experience, and equilibration.
Acc to Lev Vygotsky theory,
zone of proximal development
is the area between the child’s independent performance and the level of performance that the child could achieve with adult guidance or by working with a more knowledgeable peer.
Acc to him, language is the foundation of all higher cognitive process.
Carol Gilligan’s primary critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development – is situated in the ‘feminist perspective’.
As per NEP 2020, the form of assessment in schools should shift from summative to formative.
Inclusive education emphasizes upon – equity (NOT equality)
Socio-constructivist frame of learning says:
Encouraging learners to learn from variety of sources
Appreciate asking of questions by the learners
Giving opportunities for group discussion
Functional fixedness hinders problem solving skills among students.
Frustration (an emotion) is likely to be experienced by a student, when an activity is valued by him but he is given very low control to execute that.
It is important for a teacher to focus on development of children’s metacognition capabilities.
When children become aware of their own beliefs and thinking, they become more capable of regulating their own learning.
It is important to create collaborative learning environment in the classroom rather than competitive one.
Learning is a complex and active process.
In a progressive classroom, teachers adapt their pedagogy and vary assessment to cater to individual students.
Jean Piaget proposed that children’s thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults.
There is a lot of cultural diversity in the development of children.
Development of logical thought that is concrete in nature – is a major hallmark of the period of middle childhood.
Acc to Jean Piaget, children in formal operational stage are capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional thought.
During the period of childhood, development is multi-layered and complex.
Children with ‘dyslexia’ can be identified by – analyzing their reading and writing skills.
Acc to Lev Vygotsky, language & ‘cultural tools’ plays an important role in cognitive development of children.
2019
Widely held beliefs about typified characteristics deemed appropriate for different sexes in the society are referred to as – gender stereotypes.
Acc to Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, hypothetico-deductive reasoning develops during formal operational stage.
Acc to Lev Vygotsky, it is important to understand the social processes and influence of the cultural context on children’s thinking.
Drawing implications from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a teacher of grade 6-8 in his classroom should – present problems that require reasoning based solutions.
In a progressive classroom knowledge is constructed by the learner.
An example of effective problem solving strategy is – means-end-analysis – dividing the problem into number of sub-goals.
The relationship between cognition and emotions is – bi-directional – a dynamic interplay between both.
Social interactions are an important aspect of the process of meaningful construction of knowledge.
Middle childhood = children begin to think logically but concretely
When students repeatedly engage in an activity
(such as design and conduct and experiment) to earn a reward that is not directly related to that activity (such as earn a ‘star’ or ‘badge’)
they are likely to – develop materialistic attitude towards learning.
The concept of childhood is a social construction acc to contemporary socio-constructivist theorists.
2018
The acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its phonological.
The position where thought patterns are influenced by language is called linguistic determination.
Ravi repairs appliances by a testing hypothesis about the cause of the malfunction based on his experiences with the systems.
He uses – Heuristics proposed by A.E. Armstrong.
Divya often divides the assigned job into small tasks which she can handle easily. She is using – subgoal analysis.
Grading, coding, marking and credit accumulation systems are some of the examples of – depicting the academic progress in report card.
Inclusive education is based on the principle of = equity and equal opportunities.
The rights of persons with disabilities Act has been enacted in the year – 2016.
The right of children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 ensures the rights of children with disabilities to free education from – 6yrs to 14 yrs.
Providing teaching-learning materials in accessible formats to the diverse learners implies – Universal Design of learning.
Meta-cognition involves self-awareness, and control of cognitive abilities, e.g. planning, reviewing and revising etc.
When children think to interpret the received information according to their experiences, it is called – concrete thinking.
Teaching learners at varying levels of difficulty based on the ability of individual learner is known as – differentiated instruction.
Maintenance is the specific stage of learning which is antecedent to generalization stage of learning.
Zajonc believes that cognition and emotion are – independent.
A teacher is teaching children by demonstration of a task to correct the performances of an already learned task. He is using – modeling method of teaching.
Acc to Mann and Janis, decision maker children analyze the problem, list the alternatives, and weight each option for its advantages and disadvantages. His behaviors reflects vigilant.
The task in which the children get experiences while enjoying themselves is known as – drill and practice task.
The development from central part of the body towards peripheries or extremities denotes the principles of proximodistal development.
School is an institution of socialization of children where school children occupy the central position.
If you join a teacher fraternity and choose to dress like most of the others in your group, you are exhibiting – conformity.
The concept of object permanence is attained during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development.
Between 18 and 24 months of age, most children begin to combine words into short sentences while speaking.
The concept of IQ was developed by Stern.
Given by Alfred Binet (Mental Age / Chronological Age)
Terman multiplied the formula with 100.
2016
To enable students to think independently and become effective learners, it is important for a teacher to:
teach students how to monitor their own learning.
If a teacher wants her students to acquire problem solving skills, the students should be engaged in activities that involve –
inquiring, reasoning, and decision making.
Meaningful learning is active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience.
The stages are invariant which means that no stage can be skipped – as per Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
The concept of ‘conservation’ as proposed by Jean Piaget means that – certain physical properties remains the same even when outward appearances change.
Acc to Lev Vygotsky language development changes the nature of human thought.
The following highlights assessment for learning - the teacher assesses conceptual understanding of the students besides focusing on the processes of thinking.
Acc to Piaget, thought emerges first and acc to Vygotsky, language has a profound effect on thought.
In an inclusive classroom with diverse learners, cooperative learning and peer tutoring –
should be actively promoted to facilitate peer-aaceptance.
2015
A teacher’s most important role in an inclusive classroom is –
To ensure that every child gets an opportunity to realize her potential.
Emotions are inextricably intertwined with motivation and learning.
MCQs assess the child’s ability to – recognize the correct answer.
What term / phase does Piaget use for mental structures which are the building blocks of thinking?
Schemas.
Acc to Vygotsky, children speak to themselves to guide their actions.
Children with learning disabilities have confusion between letters and alphabets that look alike.
Creativity is the ability to identify or prepare original and divergent solutions to problems.
In an effective classroom, the children look up to the teacher for guidance and support to facilitate their learning.
Development of the capacity for abstract scientific thinking is a characteristic of – formal operational stage.
A child reasons – ‘you do this for me and I will do that for you’. In which stage of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning would this child fall?
The instrumental purpose orientation.
Progressive education lays strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking.
Intelligence is multi-dimensional having several aspects to it.
2015 feb
Major criticism of Kohlberg’s theory –
He didn’t account for cultural differences in moral reasoning of men and women.
His theory was based on all male samples.
Relationship between development and learning as proposed by Vygotsky –
Development process lags behind the learning process.
A student highlights the main points in a chapter, draws a visual representation and poses questions that arise in her mind …
She is trying to regulate her own thinking by organization of ideas.
In the context of nature-nurture debate following statement is appropriate
Heredity and environment are inseparably interwoven and both influence development.
A major difference between the perspectives of Vygotsky and Piaget pertains to – their views about language and thought.
Acc to Vygotsky, zone of proximal development is – the gap between what the child can do independently and with assistance.
Piaget proposes that pre-operational children are unable to conserve due to irreversibility of thought.
Socialization is a process of acquiring values, beliefs and expectations.
When conceptual changes and student’s alternative solutions are assessed through several different method of assessment –
Will bring out the best in students.
According to Piaget – children learn by process of adaptation.
Children should be encouraged to ask questions in the class-
Questions take learning forward by interactions and lead to conceptual clarity.
A teacher in a multi-cultural classroom would ensure the assessment considers the
Socio-cultural context of her students.
2014 sep
Psycho-social theory emphasizes on – Industry versus inferiority stage.
The fact that children require culturally relevant knowledge and skills is attributed to – Urie Bronfen-brenner.
Comparison of number of boys and girls who survived up to class 12 may be the criteria of gender parity in a society.
School based assessment – improve learning by providing a constructive feedback.
By placing students in the least restricted school environment, the school sensitizes other children not to bully or to put the disadvantaged children down.
Least restrictive environment (LRE) means that a student who has a disability should have the opportunity to be educated with non-disabled peers, to the greatest extent appropriate.
Ecological approach suggests interaction of the child with the people around him and with social institutions to deal with disruptive behavior disorder.
Renzulli is known for his three-circle definition of giftedness.
Structured behavioral observation is the most appropriate method to monitor the progress of children with learning disabilities.
Acc to socio-cultural theory of Vygotsky culture and language play a crucial role in development.
To explain, predict, and or control phenomena are the goals of – the scientific method.
A class VII student makes errors in Mathematics. As a teacher you would ask the student to use alternative method or redo it to find out errors on his/her own.
Motivation cycle:
Need – drive – arousal – goal directed behavior – achievement – reduction of arousal.
Retention is a process in the social observational learning theory of Bandura.
2014 Feb
Stages of development acc to Jean Piaget:
A) the sensorimotor stage (18 months to 2 years)
B) the preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs)
C) the concrete operational stage (7 to 12 yrs)
D) the formal operational stage (12 yrs and above)
In the context of socialization, schools often have a hidden curriculum which consists of
The formal cues about social roles presented in schools through interaction and materials.
Which of the following implications can’t be derived from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
A) sensitivity of children’s readiness to learn
B) acceptance of individual differences
C) discovery learning
D) Need of verbal teaching.
Teachers and students draw on one another’s expertise while working on complex projects related to real world problems in social constructivist classroom.
Progressive education promotes learning by doing
Proposed by John Dewey
In this context, the term ‘equal educational opportunity’ implies that -
all students should – be provided with an education that is most appropriate to them and their future life at work.
In the context of language development, which areas was underestimated by Piaget?
A) Heredity
B) social interaction
C) egocentric speech
D) active construction by the child
Howard Gardner’s theory supports that damage to one part of the brain affects only a particular ability sparing other.
The formative assessment can sometimes be summative assessment and vice-versa.
A teacher asks his/her students to draw a concept map to reflect their comprehension of a topic.
s/he is conducting formative assessment.
The domain ‘evaluating’ in the Bloom’s revised taxonomy represents – judging the logical consistency of a solution.
Teachers must believe in personal accountability for student’s success in the context of dealing with disadvantaged learners.
Stuttering problems in students can be dealt by applying – prolonged speech method.
In the context of learning disabled children,
providing immediate connections, stressing collaboration and leveraging non-learning technologies
such as instant messaging, intelligent search, and content management are associated with – Embedded learning.
An inclusive classroom is that where teachers create diverse and meaningful learning experiences for every learner.
Create a proto-type of a new science book based on different themes – is an appropriate assignment for a gifted student.
An institutional reason for children dropping out of the schools –
There is no alternative curriculum for children who reject the compulsory curriculum offered.
Learning disabilities are also present in children with average or above avg IQ.
Problem solving is more likely to succeed in schools where
A flexible curriculum is in place
Cognitive apprenticeships and instructional conversations
Conceive learning as ‘social activity’
A teacher should correct errors that interfere with the general meaning and understandability.
Emotional Intelligence involves:
Perceiving emotions
Understanding emotions
Managing emotions
Using emotions
Emotional experiences are most likely to differ with respect to
The level of adaptation
Humanistic theories of motivation supports the Mid-Day-Meal scheme.
Attaching importance to the home setting of students for understanding behavior and building effective pedagogy is related to ECOLOGICAL theories of learning.
Best way to deal with an inattentive child in the classroom
Make the child sit in the most distraction reduced area.
2013 jul
Critique of theory of multiple intelligences
Multiple Intelligence are only the ‘talents’ present in intelligence as a whole.
Features assigned due to social roles and not due to biological endowment are called
Gender role stereotype.
When cook tastes a food during cooking it may be akin to – assessment for learning.
Following promote assessment as learning:
Telling students to take internal feedback
Generating a safe environment for students to take chances
Tell students to reflect on the topic taught.
Differentiated instruction is – using a variety of groupings to meet student needs.
‘Children can learnt violent behavior depicted in movies’ – Alber Bandura’s work
If students repeatedly make errors during a lesson, a teacher should
Make changes in instruction, tasks, timetable or seating arrangements.
Bloom’s taxonomy is a hierarchical organization of – cognitive objectives.
Extinction of a response is more difficult following – partial reinforcement.
Even though this was clearly in violation of his safety needs, Captain Vikram Batra died fighting in the Kargil war while protecting his country.
HE MIGHT HAVE ACHIEVED SELF-ACTUALISATION.
Socialization includes cultural transmission and development of individual personality.
… Students reply that taller glass has more Juice. Her students have difficulty in dealing with – decentring.
Intelligence theory incorporates the mental processes involved in intelligence (i.e., mental components) and the varied forms that intelligence can take (i.e., creative intelligence)
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence.
2012 Nov
Children in primary schools follow
Obedience and punishment orientation
Individualism and exchange
As proposed by Kohlberg.
A teacher should correct the sentence when students are wrong. (During speaking)
Raven’s progressive matrices test is an example of culture-free IQ test.
Self-regulation of learners = ability to monitor their own learning.
Acc to RTE-2009 the word, ‘compulsory’ means that appropriate state/UT govt will ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education.
The news of ‘a woman selling her child to obtain food’ may be understood best on the basis of
Theory of hierarchical needs.
The sentence “madam drives a bicycle” is correct syntactically but semantically incorrect.
Classification of students in different groups on the basis of their IQ tends to decrease their self-esteem and decrease academic performance.
The “Lab schools” advocated by John Dewey were examples of – progressive schools.
Child centered education was advocated by him.
Knowledge of developmental stages,
will be most significant for a teacher dealing with a class comprising students of mixed age groups.
Gifted students realize their full potential without any help.
Classrooms after the implementation of RTE – 2009 are – age wise more homogeneous.
Acceleration with reference to gifted children means promoting such students to next higher grade by skipping the present grade.
While teaching single parent child, a teacher should overlook this fact and treat such a child at par with other children.
The most appropriate activity for gifted students – write an original play on given concepts.
For an intrinsically motivated student – external rewards are not enough to keep him/her motivated.
The word ‘comprehensive’ in the CCE scheme is supported by the following, EXCEPT
A) Thurstone’s theory of primary mental abilities
B) Theory of multiple intelligence
C) Theory of information processing
D) JP. Guilford’s theory of structure of intellect
How teachers and students adapt gender in the classroom, it perturbs the learning environment.
Achievement motivation is willingness to accept success and failure equally.
Dyslexia = reading difficulties
2012 Jan
The doing aspect of behaviour falls in the cognitive domain of learning.
Color of the eyes, physique is predominantly heredity related factors.
Quality of nutrition
Culture and quality of education
Environmental factor.
Development starts from pre-natal stage.
Ability to recognize and classify all varieties of animals, minerals and plants
acc to multiple intelligences theory is called – naturalist intelligence.
The statement ‘majority of the people are avg., a few very bright and a few very dull’ is based on the established principle of
Distribution of intelligence.
Acc to distribution of intelligence theory of learning, the process by which the cognitive structure is modified is called – assimilation.
When previous learning makes no difference at all to the learning in a new situation it is called zero transfer of learning.
In a child centered classroom, children generally learn individually and in groups.
The major frustration that children with hearing loss face in the classroom is
The inability to communicate or share information with others.
Gifted students will realize their potential when they learn with other students.
Object-permanence = pre-operational stage
When a student shows aggressive behavior towards his peer group and does not conform to the norms of the school;
That student need help in affective domain bcz affective domain of learning includes feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations and attitudes.
2011
Heredity is considered as a static social structure.
The most intense and crucial socialzation takes place – during adolescence.
Helping learners recapitulate or recall what they have already learn is important bcz
Relating new information to prior knowledge enhances learning.
Diagnosis of the gaps in the learning of students should be followed by
Appropriate remedial measures
Difficulty in understanding words and ideas is not a sign of reading difficulty among young learners.
Learners should NOT be encouraged to memorize all the answers to questions which the teacher may ask.
Christina took her class for a field trip and after coming back, she discussed the trip with her students.
It may be connoted as – assessment of learning.
